Introduction. The study analyzes the use of correct indicators for assessing the consequences of electrical equipment failures in power supply systems (PSS) in reliability calculations. It is shown that such an indicator is the amount of the main damage, which characterizes the amount of undelivered energy at the consumer and is determined through a scale of specific damages. Specific damages are calculated for various industries, as 1 kWh of undelivered energy leads to different losses of products at different consumers. Goal. Conducting an analysis of the specific damages from undersupply of electricity obtained on the basis of various studies. Materials and methods. The resulting estimates of specific damages depend on the sample size, the number of regions where the statistics was collected, the government pricing policies for different industries, and the availability of such statistics. Therefore, this work was carried out by large and competent research teams that are highly trusted by the energy community. Therefore, such work could only be carried out by large and competent research teams, which are characterized by a high degree of trust from the energy community in the results obtained. The first study was conducted in the 1980s by the Siberian branch of the Energo-Seteproekt Institute. The second study was conducted in the 2000s at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute and was later continued at Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy System. Results and discussion. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that for 10 industries in which the values of specific damages do not have critical differences, the highest value should be taken as the standard. For damages in 4 industries where there are conflicting results, it is proposed to take the arithmetic mean of the damage values. Conclusion. The value of damage to the municipal vector, which was not present in these studies, is introduced. The obtained values of specific damages show that they do not contradict the global trend in assessing the consequences of a violation of the reliability of the PSS.

Introduction. It is shown that ensuring the survivability of electrical power systems of a ship during operation through preventive protection methods has a number of drawbacks, characterized by disruption of a number of technological processes occurring on the ship or a reduction in the generating capacity of the ship's power plant. In some cases, it is possible to use an approach of preventive adjustment of the parameters of the system elements, which does not require the shutdown of generator units or a number of consumers. The goal is to develop the approach that allows for the change of the technical state of the power system of a ship as part of preventive control to avoid emergencies and protect against them by automatically changing the parameters of the system components. Materials and methods. To achieve the research goal, a functionallogical method was used as part of the preventive control of the ship's power system. Results and discussion. The article considers the features of the technical condition of the electric power system of a ship that immediately precedes its loss of functionality. The concept of an unstable state of proper system functioning is introduced, and the essential characteristics of the approach to its preventive tuning are defined. It is shown that the method of local increase in the accuracy of regulation, which ensures the formation of a control action on the parameters of the system elements during its unstable state of proper functioning, meets all the criteria of this approach. The features of the method application are considered on the example of the operation of the electric power system in the overload mode. At the same time, in order to prevent an emergency or reduce the system functionality, it is proposed to increase the accuracy of load distribution between the operating generator sets during its unstable state. The mechanism how the ship power system overcomes the overload mode is shown, and the expediency of forming a command to increase the accuracy of load distribution is formulated as a logical equation. Conclusion. The use of the method of local increase in the accuracy of regulation will prevent the untimely activation of protection and the transition of the electric power system of a ship to a limited operation mode, and the practical implementation of the method can be carried out in various ways. The application of the method of local increase in the accuracy of regulation will allow preventing the untimely operation of protection and the transition of SEES to the limited operation mode, and the practical implementation of the method can be carried out in different ways.

Introduction. The revenues of the federal budget of the Russian Federation represent the basis of the financial system of the state, determining its ability to perform social, economic and defense functions. It is through the mechanism of formation and distribution of budget revenues that the state implements its strategic priorities, ensures the stability of the macroeconomic environment and creates conditions for the development of regions, business and society as a whole. In the context of economic transformation and the increasing complexity of foreign economic relations, the study of the structure, dynamics and factors influencing the formation of the revenue side of the federal budget is particularly relevant. Goal. To analyze the dynamics, structure, and key factors of changes in federal budget revenues for 2022-2027. Materials and methods. The research materials were the official data of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Accounting Chamber of the Russian Federation for 2022-2027, and the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of budget structure. The methods of comparative, structural and dynamic analysis, as well as graphical and tabular representation of data were used in the work. Results and discussion. The conducted research shows that the revenue side of the Russian federal budget is undergoing a structural transformation aimed at reducing dependence on oil and gas revenues and strengthening non-oil and gas sources. This change is primarily due to the growth of tax revenues and individual non-tax revenues, such as the recycling fee, which demonstrates the highest growth rates. Conclusion. Based on the results of the work, it can be concluded that there is a purposeful policy of diversifying budget revenues aimed at reducing dependence on fluctuations in commodity markets and increasing the resilience of the budget system to external shocks.

Introduction. In the context of digital transformation, driven by rapid technological advances and global competition, effective management of intellectual property (IP) flows is becoming critical to ensuring the technological sovereignty and competitiveness of the national economy. Goal. To identify the challenges and prospects for developing the IP management system in the Russian Federation based on an analysis of the key mechanisms of this process and current statistical data. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of official Rospatent data for 2021–2023, reflecting the dynamics of filing applications for intellectual property (inventions, utility models, trademarks, computer programs). The paper systematizes and analyzes the main mechanisms for IP management: legal protection, commercialization, technology transfer, and valuation. Results and discussion. The study revealed that the situation in the field of IP management in Russia is characterized by contradictory trends. On the one hand, an increase in inventive activity among Russian applicants has been identified, particularly in the utility model and computer software segments. On the other hand, systemic problems have been identified: a decline in applications from foreign copyright holders, a more complex process for recognizing trademarks as well-known, and a persistent gap between scientific organizations and the real economy. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that a comprehensive approach is necessary for the successful development of RIA flows. Key areas include improving the legal framework, reducing administrative barriers, stimulating the commercialization of developments, and strengthening cooperation between science, education, and business. This, taken together, will help create a sustainable national innovation ecosystem.

Introduction. Modern medicine requires active introduction of digital technologies to overcome the problems associated with the growth of chronic diseases, a shortage of medical personnel and limited resources. Digital transformation is becoming a key factor in improving the efficiency and accessibility of medical care. Goal. In this regard, the article examined the use of BI-systems in healthcare, analyzed their effectiveness on specific implementation examples, assessed the impact on the quality of medical care, and predicted the further development of technologies in this area. Special attention is paid to the integration of BI with artificial intelligence and other innovative solutions. Materials and methods. The study uses data from the global BI solutions market, cases of implementation of analytical platforms, including the experience of the Stavropol Krai with the N3.Analytics system, statistics on the use of robotic surgical systems and telemedicine services. The methods included the analysis of scientific literature, the study of practical examples and forecasting trends. Results and discussion. The implementation of BI-systems has demonstrated significant improvements in the quality of medical care: improved diagnostic accuracy, optimized resource management, and reduced data processing time. Integration with artificial intelligence has allowed the creation of predictive analytics systems for early detection of diseases and personalized treatment. Conclusion. BI-systems are a key tool for digitalization of healthcare, ensuring the transition to preventive medicine. The main development prospects are related to the in-depth integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to create complex analytical ecosystems.

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to adapt the real sector of the economy to current in vestment restrictions, as well as the strategic task of searching and developing alternative sources of long-term investments capable of compensating for the compression of the credit channel and redirecting financial flows to financing priority, capital-intensive projects. Goal. Study of the possibili ties of developing channels of financing the real sector of the economy in the context of sanctions restrictions and tight monetary policy. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological base of the study includes a set of general scientific methods, as well as an analysis of the works of domestic and foreign authors on the issues of restructuring of investment flows in the real sector of the economy. Results and discussion. The study revealed the need for an active transformation of the existing model of financing the domestic economy. This evolution should result in increased availability of borrowed capital and a subsequent significant increase in investment in the development of the material and technical base of Russian business. The results of the study can be useful to government agencies in developing and adjusting monetary and investment policies; in the practice of managing the real sector for developing strategies for diversifying funding sources. Conclusion. The study substantiates the need for an active transformation of the real sector's financing model in the face of investment constraints. The key conclusion is the feasibility of systematically developing alternative long-term investment institutions, such as project financing and non-bank financial instruments. The practical implementation of the proposed measures, including the adaptation of monetary policy, will enable the creation of sustainable domestic sources of capital, a prerequisite for technological modernization and ensuring sovereign economic growth.

Introduction. The article examines organizational and managerial mechanisms for the use of digital technologies to improve management in the civil aviation industry. Goal. The study aims to identify, systematize and define organizational and managerial mechanisms that ensure management improvement. It serves the basis to identify the key manageable parameters of digital transformation in the industry. Materials and methods. The study was carried out within the framework of the multiple case study methodology, which allows identifying both unique and recurring patterns of managerial decisions in various organizational contexts. The relevance of this topic stems from the fundamental contradiction between large-scale investments in the digital transformation of high-tech industries and the lack of scientifically sound management models that translate technological solutions into measurable improvements in project and operational activities. Results and discussion. Based on the analysis of cases of Russian and international aircraft manufacturing companies (the sample period 2022-2026), the study identifies and systematizes management solutions that support the transformation of project management, the formation of a unified digital cooperation space, the evolution of the digital twin as a management object, and the development of competency management systems. Four novel scientific propositions are specified. They develop the management theory in the areas of digital transformation management, project management, data management, and human resource management. Conclusion. Three key manageable parameters of digital transformation in the aircraft industry are identified, which can form the basis for the development of corporate and industry strategies.

Introduction. Due to the socio-economic instability, it is important for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to choose the optimal format of operation that would reduce rental payments, attract the most consumers, and provide other competitive advantages. In this regard, the format of operation using non-stationary retail facilities (NSRF) is interesting. However, when organizing a business, it is important to consider the nature of interaction with government agencies and local authorities, among other factors. When business and the state interact, there can be both unidirectional movement and a clash of interests, which explains the relevance of this topic. Goal. Identification of problems faced by business enti ties in the process of organizing entrepreneurial activities through NTOs. Materials and methods. The study is based on analysis, comparison, the logical method, the method of deduction, etc. Results and discussion. The study analyzed the work carried out at the regional level to accommodate NGOs, and described in more detail the regulations in place in Stavropol. As a result, positive aspects were noted (the procedure for placing NTOs through competitive selection, the procedure for dismantling illegal NTOs, and the adoption of landscaping rules that comply with the requirements of federal legislation and contain requirements for NTOs in order to prevent their chaotic placement were regulated in the city of Stavropol); shortcomings have been identified in the form of excluding self-employed individuals from participating in competitions for the right to host NTOs. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Stavropol is carrying out consistent measures to regulate the placement of NTOs. However, Regulation No. 860 contains provisions that contradict federal legislation, which should be eliminated by amending Regulation No. 860 and allowing self-employed individuals to participate in competitions.

Introduction. The rise in use of digital technologies challenges the structure and quality of human capital in the agricultural
sector. Traditional work functions are being replaced by the growing need for digital competencies, data management skills, analytical tools, and resource management systems. Modern research in the field of knowledge economics confirms that in the context of digital transformation, human capital is becoming the key resource for innovative development and productivity growth. Goal. The study aims to analyze the transformation of human capital in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan in the context of digitalization and to develop a comprehensive model for the formation of digital competencies of employees, focused on improving the efficiency, adaptability and sustainability of agro-industrial production, as well as ensuring the food security of the country. Materials and methods. The study uses systemic and institutional approaches, methods of comparative and structural analysis, as well as content analysis of regulatory and strategic documents, including the Digital Kazakhstan and the National Project for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex until 2027 programs. The empirical base was compiled by statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, materials from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as data from the FAO and relevant international organizations. To interpret the results obtained, the logical-structural method and expert assessment methods were used, which made it possible to form a structural and functional model for the development of digital competencies of agricultural sector workers. Results and discussion. There has been a significant increase in the level of education and expansion of digital competencies of agricultural sector workers: the share of specialists with digital skills increased from 2.1% in 2015 to 14.8% in 2024. The share of enterprises that have implemented digital technologies increased almost sevenfold and reached 28.9%. At the same time, persistent regional inequality has been revealed, with the gap between the leading and lagging regions reaching a threefold value. The main barriers to digital transformation are related to limited infrastructure development, insufficient coverage of digital learning programs, weak integration of educational institutions with agribusiness, as well as low motivation of employees to master digital technologies. A structural and functional model for the formation of digital competencies has been developed, including institutional, educational, professional and evaluative blocks that provide a systematic approach to staff training and increasing their adaptability to innovative processes. Conclusion. The digital transformation of human capital is considered as a strategic factor in increasing competitiveness and sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan. Effective implementation of digitalization requires strengthening the regional digital infrastructure, integrating educational programs with the needs of agribusiness, expanding access to digital learning, and systematically monitoring the level of digital competencies of employees.

Introduction. In the context of global economic reformatting, widespread protectionism, and the disruption of established trade and economic ties, participation in regional integration associations enables member states to maintain positive economic growth dynamics and provide their domestic markets with essential goods. Goal. The study aims to analyze industrial cooperation processes within the EAEU and their impact on the economies of member states. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of data from the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Eurasian Development Bank on parameters related to the implementation of industrial cooperation processes. Results and discussion. The study revealed that the measures adopted by member states to stimulate economic growth are spread across various sectors and do not directly impact trade turnover and investment. However, the mechanisms created by these measures enable economic actors in member states to optimize business processes, generating greater profits at lower costs. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the implementation of industrial cooperation processes had a significant impact on the overall economic indicators of the Union in 2023-2024 and enabled member states to address economic challenges and threats in the context of the restructuring of the global economic system.

Introduction. In the current realities of Russia, when the level of corporate social responsibility remains low, the mechanism of public-private partnership, as an alliance between the state and business, can increase the interest of domestic business investors in fulfilling social obligations, enhancing their positive image, and improving market positioning opportunities. At present, public-private partnership is considered one of the innovative factors in the development of the country's socio-economic sphere through long-term cooperation between state institutions and the real sector of the economy with the aim of achieving national and socially significant goals. The relevance of addressing the given topic is confirmed by the fact that, in conditions of limited budgetary resources and a significant burden on the state in performing social functions, the use of the publicprivate partnership mechanism will provide an opportunity to reduce the financial burden on the state through attracting business investments. Goal. To identify the problems in implementing the public-private partnership mechanism in the Stavropol Krai. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the Russian Federation legislative framework regulating public-private partnerships, contemporary research on the application of this mechanism in the social sphere, as well as a survey of representatives from the public and private sectors of the region. Results and discussion. The study identifies and characterizes the main problems hindering the development of the public-private partnership mechanism in the social sphere at the regional level, and proposes promising directions for its implementation in the form of territorial development trends. Conclusion. Prospects for using the public-private partnership mechanism in the social sphere are presented from the perspective of strategic partnership between the state and business in addressing social issues through long-term direct investments.

Introduction. The process of structural consolidation of the credit system is one of the most significant and long-term trends de termining the trajectory of the national economy. In the context of geo-economic turbulence and technological transformation of the financial sector, understanding the underlying mechanisms, drivers and consequences of this process for the structure of the credit market is of crucial importance for monetary regulators and market participants. Goal. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive structural analysis of the consolidation process of the Russian Federation credit system, aimed at identifying key variables, quantifying its impact on market relations, transforming the lending structure, and identifying new systemic risks. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research is based on the application of a systematic approach and statistical analysis tools. The data from the official statements of the Bank of Russia, rating and analytical reports of agencies, as well as our own calculations are used as an empirical base. Statistical methods of dynamic series analysis, calculation of structural indicators and spatial distribution of data based on information from the Bank of Russia are used to verify hypotheses. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the key manifestations of consolidation were systematized and quantified: the achievement of the shares of the top 5 and top 10 banks in assets at 66.6 % and 80.9 %, respectively; a systematic relationship was established between the increase in asset concentration and the increase in the share of government financing in the liabilities of the largest banks; structural shifts in favor of corporate lending and mortgages from the state support. The discussion of the results focuses on the dual nature of consolidation: on the one hand, it promotes the growth of capitalization and profitability of leading banks, on the other hand, it creates competition constraints, increases regional asymmetry and concentrates non-financial risks in emerging ecosystems. Conclusion. The statistical analysis revealed the stable and long-term nature of the consolidation of the credit system. There is a consistent reduction in the number of financial market participants, while assets are being redistributed in favor of a limited group of systemically important organizations. The key factors in this process are uneven access to government support programs and centralized sources of liquidity. The consequences of structural transformations include an increase in the territorial disparity in the distribution of financial resources, a decrease in the competitive environment and an accumulation of systemic risks. The results obtained determine the expediency of developing specialized macroprudential regulation measures aimed at minimizing the negative effects of concentration and maintaining a balanced structure of the financial sector.

Introduction. Currently, all financial and economic processes are automated. New fraudulent schemes appear that can be identified with the competence and skills to work in the financial and economic security system. This article is devoted to the issues of ensuring financial and economic security in the context of digitalization of the economy. Particular attention is paid to modern challenges, including the introduction of digital and information and communication technologies in the economy. Goal. To identify the main aspects and directions of development of financial and economic security in the context of digitalization of the economy. Materials and methods. Methodological approaches in the financial and economic security monitoring system are analyzed. Comparison, graphical, and dynamic methods are used. Results and discussion. Based on the analysis, a scheme for ensuring financial and economic security in the context of digitalization of the economy is presented, which takes into account not only the opportunities for growth and development, but also the risks associated with information security, fraud, unfair competition and other threats. Conclusion. The application of the scheme for ensuring financial and economic security in the context of digitalization of the economy in practical activities will improve financial literacy for both government agencies and public organizations, and, in general, strengthen the stability and development of the financial system of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. Neonatal and child mortality rates are key indicators of national socio-economic development. Persistent regional disparities in child mortality rates in the Russian Federation, which correlate with the level of regional socio-economic development, necessitate the search for comprehensive mechanisms for their reduction, including optimization of insurance models in medicine. Goal. The study aims to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on child mortality rates in the federal districts of the Russian Federation and to analyze the potential of voluntary health insurance programs as a tool for reducing infant mortality. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the works of Russian authors in the fields of demography, public health and health insurance. A retrospective analysis of official statistical data from Rosstat for 2022–2024 on infant, perinatal mortality rates, and key socio-economic parameters was conducted by federal districts. The methods of comparative and correlation analysis, as well as content analysis of voluntary health insurance (VHI) programs for mothers and newborns offered by leading Russian insurance companies, were used. Results and discussion. The study established a direct correlation between mortality rates, access to healthcare, and per capita household income. VHI programs were analyzed, identifying their advantages and key limitations. Conclusion. Modern VMI programs do not have a significant impact on national child mortality rates due to their low accessibility to the general population. To achieve a systemic effect, it is necessary to develop and implement combined insurance models with an active role of the state, which will reduce barriers to access to quality medical care and will help improve the demographic situation.

Introduction. In August 2017, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program, which has a very wide range of focus areas. The idea of using end-to-end technologies and digital platforms for data processing is the leitmotiv of the regulatory act. Business analysis is one of the promising tools for the development of modern corporate governance. In the traditional sense, it is a set of tools that make it possible to examine its external and internal environment, identify weaknesses in its activities in order to develop the most appropriate measures to optimize its activities. With the expansion of the scale of operations, companies are forced to accumulate sufficiently large amounts of data and analyze them in order to make adequate management decisions as soon as possible. In this regard, the attention of business analysts is drawn to software products developed on the basis of modern digital platforms. This paper examines the essence of business analysis, its aspects and implementation tools. Goal. The purpose of the research is to study the main directions of business analysis development, test modern analytical platforms and develop practical recommendations on their use. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of Rosstat statistical data sets in the field of retail trade development. The paper uses such research methods as retrospective analysis, statistical analysis, analysis using the software products Yandex Datalens and Contour BI. Results and discussion. In the course of the study, based on the generalization of four indicators of regional development, an integral index for assessing the degree of retail development in the regions of the country was formed, which allows making informed management decisions regarding the expansion of retail chains in the regions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a model for conducting a comparative assessment of business entities. Conclusion. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that modern analytics tools and technologies provide enhanced opportunities for data synthesis, identification of patterns, and visualization.

Introduction. The deepening processes of globalization and the expansion of the geography of trade relations have led to the complexity of logistics routes. In these conditions, the need for detailed planning and monitoring of each stage of delivery increases, especially in the segment of temperature-sensitive goods. Goal. To provide a theoretical and analytical review and systematization of existing scientific approaches to the application of digital technologies in cold chain management, as well as to identify development trends of these technologies that determine the transition from traditional manual control to predictive analytics in cold chain logistics. Materials and Methods. The study utilized general scientific methods, including analysis, generalization, comparison, as well as tabular and graphical methods of information visualization. The theoretical and methodological basis is provided by the works of domestic and international researchers considering the transformation of business models in the context of the digital economy and the digitalization of logistics, real-time monitoring technologies, as well as quality management and supply chain sustainability. Results and discussion. This paper presents an overview of modern digital technologies used in cold chain logistics management, focusing on the transition from manual control to predictive analytics. Key technological solutions are explored, ranging from IoT sensors and telemetry systems to cloud platforms and machine learning algorithms. The paper examines the stages of implementing digital solutions, the potential for predicting temperature fluctuation risks, and automated response to failures. Particular attention is paid to barriers to digitalization: high costs, lack of uniform standards, staffing shortages, and cybersecurity issues. Conclusion. The study substantiates the need for a comprehensive approach, including standardization, government support, human resource development, and improvement of digital infrastructure.

Introduction. With digital transformation, objective, high-quality, and regular monitoring is essential for effective control and evaluation of tax reforms, as well as their impact on the tax security of the state. Consequently, developing a methodological approach to assess the level of regional tax security is both timely and relevant. Goal. The article studies the essence of tax security, as well as coverage of the methodological approach to assessing the level of tax security of the region using certain indicators. Materials and methods. The following methods were used to solve the problems: theoretical generalization, comparison, systematization, a mixed method of analyzing the tax security of the region (expert assessments, calculation and analytical, normative method). Results and discussion. The study established that despite the diversity of definitions of tax security presented by various researchers, it is proposed to consider it as the protection of the balance of interests of the state, business entities and the population due to rational taxation and provision of tax benefits, collection of taxes and optimal redistribution of tax revenues between all entities of the financial system, formation of an effective tax culture and discipline that ensures an adequate level of their tax security. A significant drawback both in modern science and at the legislative level is the lack of a methodological approach to assessing the state of tax security of the state in the context of its main indicators, which is of great scientific, practical and methodological importance. Conclusion. The article presents a methodological approach to assessing the level of tax security of a region, which will allow for objective and high-quality regular monitoring of the level of tax security and propose measures to strengthen the tax security of the region, as well as identify threats that most significantly affect the identified negative long-term trends.

Introduction. The relevance of introducing STEM education into preschool education is due to the rapid development of science and technology, which determine the main trends of modern society. Already in the early stages of childhood, it is important to develop cognitive activity, research skills and creative thinking, since these are the qualities that become the foundation for successful socialization and subsequent learning. Preschool age is a sensitive period for the development of curiosity and an investigative attitude, which makes the inclusion of a STEM approach in the educational process especially significant. STEM education, being an interdisciplinary approach, is aimed at integrating science, technology, engineering and mathematics into the educational process in the teaching and educational process of a preschool educational organization. Its main task is to develop critical thinking skills, creativity and the ability to collaborate in preschool children. Goal. The study aims to specify possible ways to implement STEM education in a preschool educational organization. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis and pedagogical interpretation of modern scientific research covering the issues of STEM education. Results and discussion. Based on the results of the work, the advantages of STEM education were identified, and possible ways to implement this approach in a preschool educational organization were identified. Conclusion. According to the results of the conducted research, the ways of implementing STEM education in the conditions of a preschool educational organization include the use of different types of children’s activities (research, constructive, play), the creation of STEM learning corners in groups that allow children to engage in various types of activities, the preparation of educators for the implementation of STEM learning, the involvement of parents in joint research and project activities with children.

Introduction. The article discusses the problem of forming critical thinking with students in the higher education system. The psychological and pedagogical foundations of the process are presented, the leading methodological approaches and practical methods aimed at developing the ability of students to analyze, argumentation, reflection and decision-making are revealed. Special attention is paid to the problems that hinder the effective implementation of critical thinking development methods in universities, as well as promising ways to overcome them. Goal. To substantiate the relevance of critical thinking as a key competence required in the context of digitalization and information overload. Materials and methods. The development of an effective methodology for the formation of critical thinking requires reflection and adaptation of various didactic and methodological approaches. As such, the article reveals constructivist, activity-based, competence-based, axiological and interactive approaches, each of which contributes to the development of cognitive activity of students. Results and discussions. The analysis of the psychological and pedagogical foundations of critical thinking, methodological approaches and practical methods of its formation shows that the development of this competence requires an integrated and systematic approach. It is necessary to overcome formalism in teaching, introduce interactive and activity-based forms of work, change the role of the teacher and create an educational environment conducive to intellectual activity, dialogue and reflection. Conclusion. The formation of critical thinking with students is an integral task of the modern higher education system that meets the requirements of the information society and the challenges of the 21st century. Critical thinking allows students not only to effectively assimilate knowledge, but also to apply it in non-standard situations, to express their own position in a reasoned manner, to evaluate the reliability of information and to make informed decisions.

Introduction. Active digitalization of the educational space, reinforced by the COVID-19 pandemic, has stimulated the introduction of innovative approaches in schools in Russia and China. Digital platforms and project methods aimed at improving the quality of education have taken a central place in this process. Goal. Comparison of the features of using online resources and project activities in the educational systems of Russia and China. Materials and methods. The work relies on comparative analysis of pedagogical strategies, empirical data and content of educational platforms (NES, MES, Smart education of China). Scientific publications, state standards (GOST R 53620-2009) and school practices, including interactive tasks, virtual laboratories, webinars and other tools were studied. Results and discussion. The work found that digital resources have proven their effectiveness in personalizing learning and developing ICT competencies. In the PRC, state platforms (Xuexi, DingTalk) dominate, while in the Russian Federation, federal (NES) and commercial services (Yandex.Textbook) are combined. Project work, despite its inclusion in the programs (in Russia – for grades 9-11), faces common problems: high teaching load, lack of experts and low motivation of students. In China, the method is more widely used in experimental schools of megacities, while in the regions the focus remains on traditional education. Conclusion. The integration of digital platforms and project methods in schools in Russia and China demonstrates both successes (content availability, development of creativity) and systemic difficulties. For sustainable development, it is necessary to modernize infrastructure, train teachers, balance between innovations and traditional formats. The implementation of these measures will enhance the role of education in the development of skills relevant in XXI century, critical thinking and teamwork included.

Introduction. In the context of the growing transcultural interaction between countries and peoples, the trends of contradictory understanding of their Russian national identity by young people are becoming more pronounced. Considering that this identity is based on the interaction of cultures, historical continuity and various symbolic mechanisms, it can be assumed that one of the approaches to solving the problem of forming Russian national identity among young people is based on the national cultural code. Goal. The purpose of the study is to analyze the concepts of national identity’, ‘cultural code’ and ‘national cultural code’, to determine the prospects for the formation of the all-Russian identity of youth based on the determinative essence of these phenomena. Materials and methods. The research is based on the principles of consistency, determinism, and a holistic study of phenomena and processes in their development, based on axiological, cultural, and subject-activity approaches that reveal the essence of identification as a complex social and psychological process. Based on the predicative-semantic approach, an essential-semantic, structuralmeaningful and functional study of the phenomena of the cultural code and national cultural heritage has been carried out. Results and discussion. The structural and substantive parameters of the cultural code as a determinant factor in ensuring the formation of Russian national identity and civic consciousness are identified and disclosed. The interrelation of cultural code and social thinking is determined. The influence of the cultural code on the perception and interpretation of social reality is shown. The patterns and characteristics that determine the functioning of cultural codes in society as universal mechanisms of meaning formation are revealed, as well as the leading functions of the cultural code – protective, cumulative, identification, meaning-generating, value-oriented, developing, modeling and regulating. Conclusion. The conclusions are formulated that in the process of acquiring national identity, it is necessary not just to master one’s own and someone else’s culture as some kind of volume of information, but its cultural codes, deep semantic meanings, taking into account transformational patterns associated with the dynamism of social reality. To do this, it is important to develop social thinking skills in the younger generation.

Introduction. Improving qualitative and quantitative indicators of the labor market is a prerequisite for the innovation of national economy. Effective development of society and the economy requires young people to be able to navigate the world of modern professions, taking into account the needs of the region and the country. The relevance of the problem under consideration is also due to the crisis of professional self-determination of young people, manifested in high unemployment and employment in positions that do not correspond to their qualifications. This transforms career guidance from a narrowly pedagogical task into a complex socio-economic task of developing the human resources potential of territories, requiring systemic management. Goal. Development and theoretical substantiation of a model for managing the career guidance of schoolchildren, aimed at forming a personnel reserve for a specific region, taking into account the specifics of its economy. Materials and methods. The study is based on an integrated approach combining theoretical and empirical methods. The theoretical basis consists of systems, process and competence approaches, concepts of human resources management for territorial development. The study used theoretical analysis, modeling, expert survey and statistical analysis. The empirical base includes regulatory documents of the federal and regional level governing career guidance activities and strategies for the socio-economic development of territories; personnel forecasting data; results of an expert survey. The developed model was tested during a strategic session with the participation of key stakeholders. Results and discussion. A structural and functional model is proposed, consisting interconnected blocks, namely target, methodological, technological, criteria-evaluation, and results-based, aimed at aligning students’ personal professional aspirations with the economic needs of the region. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the creation of a practice-oriented model ensures coordination among all actors (schools, secondary vocational educational institutions, employers), facilitates the integration of career guidance management into the regional human resource development strategy, which has proven its effectiveness through assessment criteria aimed at retaining young people in the region.

Introduction. The polycode and culture-specific nature of the Internet meme determines the activation of cognitive mechanisms in the process of its perception and ensures the involvement, purposeful assimilation of linguistic and non-linguistic skills in the learning process. Goal. A comprehensive analysis of the didactic potential of the Internet meme as a means of developing language skills; based on basic methodological approaches to the development of foreign language competence (communicative, structural, lexical and playful) development of formats and models for the use of memes in the educational process. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was a combination of systemic (analysis of didactic material and the learning process in an immanent relationship and interdependence), personal (development of individual abilities), activity (commitment to the study of educational material), competence (practical approach to the formation of linguistic competence) and cultural (didactics through the prism of cultural meanings and axiological paradigm). Results and discussion. The analysis of the didactic potential of the Internet meme as a means of language skills development revealed that it is based on a set of prerequisites: the polycode nature of the meme, its immanent connection with cultural practices, actualization of culturally relevant units in its composition, its use in interaction with other semiotic codes, reference to culturally relevant facts, cultural continuity and communication with actual socio-cultural context. Within the framework of each of the basic methodological approaches to the development of foreign language competence, formats for the use of memetic units in the educational process have been developed. The primacy of the textual nature of the Internet meme determines the expediency of using methodological techniques based on textual practices (introductory, viewing, searching and studying types of “reading”). Conclusion. The gaming and cultural specificity of an Internet meme acts not only as an element of emotional relaxation, but also has didactic potential due to the widespread use of stylistic techniques in semiotic codes, which can be effectively used in lexical, communicative and gaming approaches to the development of key language competencies.

Introduction. The article presents an original pedagogical model for the formation of competencies with teachers to-be, integrating an independent assessment of the quality of education as a feedback mechanism. The model has been tested in the context of training specialists for multicultural regions (Crimea, Sevastopol) and is aimed at developing multicultural citizenship. The theoretical basis was competence-based, system-activity and contextual approaches. Goal. To present a theoretical ground and develop a pedagogical model for the formation of competencies with teachers to-be based on an independent assessment of the quality of education (using the example of multicultural citizenship in the conditions of Crimea and Sevastopol). Materials and methods. The regulatory framework included Federal Law No. 273-FZ (art. 95), the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education 3++, the Teacher’s Professional Standard, and regional programs of Crimea and Sevastopol (with an emphasis on multiculturalism and the Crimean Spring), data from the NOC (2021-2024) and the OPOP SevGU. The empirical sample consisted of 120 SevSU students (60 EG / 60 KG), 25 teachers, 15 NCO experts and 30 employers; artifacts of activity (projects, portfolios and videos) were analyzed. The methods comprised quantitative (statistics: t-criterion, χ2 in SPSS/Excel) and qualitative (content) analyses. The study (September 2023 – June 2025) received ethical approval, participation was voluntary and anonymous. Conclusion. The effectiveness of the model, which transforms the NOC from a control tool into a strategic resource for designing and correcting the formation of competencies with teachers to-be through cyclical feedback (data analysis → correction → implementation → evaluation), has been confirmed. The model proved its effectiveness in the development of multicultural citizenship in the conditions of Crimea and Sevastopol, where a key condition for success was a deep regional adaptation of the criteria of the NOC and the content of education, including the historical and legal context. The approbation revealed a statistically significant increase in target competencies (legal literacy, intercultural communication, willingness to work in a multiethnic environment) and positive effects (reduction of stereotypes, introduction of developments), although regional specifics, the sample size and the need to study long-term effects remain limitations. The prospects include replicating the model to other regions (Donbass, Zaporizhia) with adaptation, developing a digital NOC tracker and expanding the focus to other competencies, which will contribute to achieving the goals of the Education national project for training highly qualified teaching staff.

Introduction. The article proposes an innovative model of a regional scientific and pedagogical cluster as an effective tool for improving the quality of professional teaching staff training in a particular subject of the Russian Federation. The article reveals the theoretical foundations of the regionalization of education in the context of traditions, innovations and retro-innovations in the field of education caused by the transformation of the education system in Russia in connection with the withdrawal from the Bologna process, standardization of all levels of the educational process, return to traditional values and actualization of the national identity of participants in educational relations. Goal. Systematization in the form of a concept of innovative development of the territorial pedagogical education system through the actualization of the resource capabilities of the regional scientific and pedagogical cluster. Materials and methods. The research of the key problems of the development of the territorial system of teacher education is based on axiological, integrative, cluster, environmental and system-synergetic theoretical and methodological approaches. Results and discussion. An innovative concept of a regional scientific and pedagogical cluster is proposed, taking into account axiological, integrative, cluster, environmental and system-synergetic approaches that provide key characteristics of teacher education in the region: continuity, seamless, continuity, supported by the spiritual and moral capabilities of a relatively independent system within the region, as well as the personification of educational tracks of future and current teachers. Conclusion. The proposed concept demonstrates the possibility of ensuring continuity of the content of various stages of teacher training and expands the arsenal of pedagogical technologies for teacher training, capable of responding to modern challenges while remaining a carrier of fundamental cultural and professional values.

Introduction. Modern education imposes high demands on the professional training of students in technical universities, especially regarding proficiency in foreign terminology for working with authentic professional texts. Traditional methods of terminology acquisition prove to be insufficiently effective, which reduces the quality of professional foreign language competence. Goal. The article aims at analyzing and systema tizing the stages and methods of compiling a terminological dictionary, taking into account the specifics of non-linguistic education, as well as assessing their effectiveness in the formation of professional terminological competence. Materials and methods. The study was conducted based on authentic professional texts selected according to the profile of the technical university and the students' language proficiency level. The object of the study was individual terminological dictionaries compiled by the students. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for analysis, including observation, questionnaires, and classification of dictionary entries. The pedagogical experiment method involved using digital technologies (online platforms, associative maps, spaced repetition) and interactive methods (group discussions, learning through teaching). Results and discussion. The practical testing of the technology showed that independently compiling a terminological dictionary promotes deep assimilation of professional vocabulary, development of analytical and communicative skills, and increases students' motivation to study a foreign language. The practical results confirm an increase in the average test score for terminological vocabulary from 62 % to 85 % and improved motivation in 78% of the students. The article's conclusions emphasize the effectiveness of integrating digital tools and interactive methods into the educational process of technical universities to develop professional terminological competence. Conclusion. The study confirmed that systematic and contextual approaches, along with the use of digital tools, contribute to the formation of strong professional terminological competence. The integration of the individual dictionary technology ensures comprehensive development of both language and professional training for students in non-linguistic universities. Future prospects are associated with the further improvement of digital resources and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Introduction. The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis and an empirical study of the relationship between selfactualization and the professional orientation of students choosing specialized psychology courses as part of their supplementary education. Professional orientation is considered as a three-component structure comprising behavioral, emotional, and cognitive components, alongside the main components of personal self-actualization (self-understanding, time competence, autonomy, spontaneity, and openness to experience). Goal. The study aims to investigate the problem of personal professional orientation and to identify the relationship between the components of selfactualization and professional orientation among students enrolled at specialized psychology courses. Materials and methods. The following psychometric instruments were used: the Professional Identity questionnaire (by A. A. Azbel), the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) (by J. Holland), the Motivation to Achieve Success test (by T. Ehlers), and the Personal Self-Actualization Questionnaire (SAMOAL) (by E. Shostrom, adapted by A.V. Lazukin and N.F. Kalina). The sample consisted of 40 high school students (20 – students attending specialized psychology courses at NorthCaucasus Federal University (NCFU), and 20 students as a control group). Results and discussion. The study revealed statistically significant correlations between the components of self-actualization and the professional orientation of high school students. Conclusion. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that professional choice in the context of studying psychology becomes a part of overall personal growth.

Introduction. During the period of in-depth specialization, when the information and analytical field has the greatest impact on the students’ mental processes, it is necessary to create conditions for the high-quality development of theoretical and practical knowledge and skills at the universities of the Russian National Guard. During this period, the influence of the individual’s social stability on the development of the taught subjects and preparation for further service becomes particularly important. Goal. To analyze the definitions of social stability and identify their differences. The goal is to determine the most effective method of physical training that enhances social interaction. Based on this method, we will examine the impact of specific didactic tasks on increasing the level of the social phenomenon under consideration. Materials and methods. To achieve the set goal, the method of theoretical analysis and generalization was used, which determines the development of the social phenomenon under study. A methodology was formed (based on works in the field of the theory of functional systems, personality goal-setting, social stability, and the theory of physical training transfer) and research directions were developed, and a methodology for educational work was created. This methodology used developed private-didactic tasks (in the form of personality goal-setting) performed using the team-competitive method. In the process of pedagogical ascertaining examination, the step-by-step, wave-like, and physical load methods were used. The use of general scientific methods (comparison, juxtaposition, analysis, abstraction, and concretization) allowed us to determine the logical sequence and the results obtained in the practical survey. Results and discussion. The application of the proposed methodology in the process of physical training classes gave positive changes in the studied indicators of social maturity Table 1 (the final result of social stability), functional state and physical fitness for accelerated movement Table 2, 3. The results obtained show how private-didactic tasks used as a goal-setting of the individual in the team-competitive methodology increase the level of social stability. Conclusion. In the process of using the proposed methodology, the social interaction of cadets in overcoming physical challenges is activated. The use of private-didactic tasks allows them to develop their motivation for excellence in achieving socially significant goals. At the same time, the acquired level of social stability will help them to organize social interaction with subordinate personnel in a competent manner in the future service, and to have endurance and self-control in behavior with command personnel in the units of the National Guard of Russia.

Introduction. This article presents a review of pedagogical approaches to teaching polysemantic vocabulary to foreign language learners. It considers research from linguistics, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, semantics, psychology, sociolinguistics, and computational linguistics, which is not pedagogically oriented in itself but is used here to extract educational implications and to develop recommendations applicable to foreign language vocabulary instruction. Goal. The purpose of the article is to identify the key difficulties in acquiring polysemantic vocabulary and to synthesize the results of interdisciplinary research in order to develop pedagogical solutions that promote effective learning. Materials and methods. The review was conducted through a systematic literature search using Google Scholar and international academic databases. Only peer reviewed journal articles and book chapters indexed in international academic databases were included. Each publication was evaluated in terms of the identified challenges in acquiring polysemantic words by foreign language learners and the pedagogical solutions proposed. Results and discussion. The review identified several key difficulties faced by this category of learners: fixation on the first meaning of a word, negative interlanguage interference, insufficient skills in dictionary use, difficulties in acquiring both literal and secondary metaphorical meanings, challenges in identifying meanings in context, dependence of word interpretation on collocations and register, and cognitive difficulties in lexical processing. Pedagogical solutions highlighted in the research demonstrate the effectiveness of an integrated approach that incorporates context, mnemonic techniques, combined explicit and implicit methods, and systematic vocabulary introduction. Conclusion. Teaching polysemantic vocabulary should be viewed as a holistic process in which cognitive, linguistic, and pedagogical insights are integrated to develop strategies for contextual interpretation and autonomous vocabulary learning. Such a systematic approach ensures more flexible and accurate mastery of polysemantic words, helps overcome interlanguage interference, and fosters the ability to transfer knowledge between literal and metaphorical meanings. In the long term, this opens possibilities for creating more effective learning materials and tasks oriented toward real-life language use.

Introduction. In 2025, the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War was commemorated. The year was declared the Year of the Defender of the Fatherland, which brought renewed attention to the civic duty of teachers in the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War. The article explores the social significance of schools and their support for the front in the Stavropol Region and the republics of the North Caucasus. Goal. This article highlights the development of education and the resistance of teachers and students to Hitler’s directives and the Germanization of schools in the Stavropol Region and the North Caucasus during the occupation. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of historiographical research methods grounded in the principles of historicism and a value-based approach. The analysis and interpretation of historical data were carried out using federal and regional archival materials. Results and Discussion. The materials were presented in the format of a Golden Lecture as part of the international educational project organized by the teaching staff of partner universities from CIS countries. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the leaders of the North Caucasus republics, along with principals, teachers, educators, and the students themselves, made every effort to ensure the continued functioning of schools during the fascist occupation.