Newsletter of North-Caucasus Federal University
Peer-reviewed journal "NEWSLETTER OF NORTH-CAUCASUS FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
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Analysis of energy consumption of household consumers when powered from an autonomous power source based on a gasoline generator
Introduction. In conditions of unstable power supply, autonomous energy sources are becoming extremely in demand, including house- hold use. Recently, gasoline-powered generators have gained widespread popularity. However, the output parameters of these generators do not always ensure acceptable power quality in terms of the sinusoidality of the output voltage waveform. This can affect the operation of certain electrical appliances. Goal. The study aims to investigate the interaction process between nonlinear household electrical appliances and a gasoline generator as a non-sinusoidal power source. Materials and methods. The study is based on experimental research of the energy consumption processes of individual household appliances when powered from the public power grid and from a gasoline generator. Results and discussion. Spectral analysis of the currents and voltages at the terminals of individual appliances was conducted when powered from the grid and from the generator. The higher harmonic powers were determined under various operating modes. Conclusion. The conducted research revealed that when nonlinear consumers are powered from an autonomous gasoline generator, the degree of distortion of their currents sinusoidality increases significantly. At the same time, the spectrum of the consumed currents is more influenced by the waveform of the generator output voltage than by the nonlinearity of the consumers.
Energy-efficient marine power systems with low emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere
Introduction. The annual increase in the cost of fuel and lubricants and the deteriorating environmental situation in the world require the devel- opment of strategies, initiatives and urgent measures by international community. The documents adopted by the European Union Council on Maritime Regulation FuelEU Maritime and the Maritime Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization reflect the need to modernize maritime energy and electrical systems. Despite its relevance, the topic of decarbonization of maritime transportation is often criticized due to the fact that maritime transport carries most of the cargo, accounting for about 80% of global trade. However, the share of greenhouse gas emissions from ship engines is about 3% of global anthropogenic emissions, and the devices used to clean exhaust gases (scrubbers, etc.) have several fundamental drawbacks. Goal. Analysis of technical solutions to determine those of them, the application of which in maritime transport will allow to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reduce fuel consumption by ship power plants. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign scientific and technical sources, reference materials and regulatory documents showed that the most promising should include power plants, in which diesel (drive) engines operate with a variable rotational speed in function of the shaft power in accordance with the curves of the lowest specific fuel consumption, as well as hybrid power plants. Results and discussion. The concepts of building energy-efficient vessels with increased environmental classes are substantiated, one of which uses asynchronous synchronous generators, and the other uses hybrid power plants with intermediate DC buses. Conclusion. The development and implementation of the proposed power plants on ships will improve the technical and economic characteristics of maritime transportation and reduce the negative environmental impact of maritime transport.
Synthesis of topologies for high- speed electric drive for traction electric transport
Introduction. The relevance of this work is due to the increasing requirements for efficiency, reliability, and specific power of electromechanical energy converters in modern transport systems. Goal. This article focuses on the principles of topology synthesis for high-speed rotary systems intended for use in electric traction vehicles. Materials and methods. The paper presents the results of computational studies of dynamic characteristics, including the dependence of torque, rotational speed, and current strength on time, which allows for the evaluation of transient processes and performance characteristics of various topological solutions. Results and discussion. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive approach to the topology synthesis of rotary systems, taking into account the electromagnetic, mechanical, thermal, and technological aspects of design. Conclusion. The study contributes to the development of the theory and practice of creating highly efficient electromechanical converters for modern electric vehicles. In addition, the article discusses a method for improving the performance of an electric machine by using an innovative thermomat material.
Mechanism of interaction between household consumers and demand aggregators in demand response programs
Introduction. The development of smart metering systems and the smart grid concept has made it necessary to expand the number of participants in Demand Response programs. Goal. To develop a comprehensive mechanism for interaction between household consumers and demand aggregators in the framework of participation in Demand Response programs, and to quantify the effect of implementation. Materials and methods. As part of the study, the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation was analyzed, and a model of interaction between retail market entities in the mechanism was developed. The architecture of the software complex and a prototype of the mobile application interface with its necessary functionality were proposed. Results and discussion. A quantitative assessment of the potential effect of implementing the proposed concept has been carried out. With the participation of 300 thousand consumers, the aggregate reduction is estimated at 300 MW, the annual economic effect will amount to 2,34 billion rubles, the savings for consumers will be 2400–3600 rubles per year per household, and the environmental effect will be 10,8-16,2 thousand tons of CO₂ given participation in 200 DR events. The competitive advantage is that there is no need to install additional equipment on the consumers’ side when using metering devices with a built‑in disaggregation function. Conclusion. The proposed mechanism demonstrates significant potential for Russia's energy system. The key difference lies in the use of smart metering devices without additional equipment on the consumer's side, which ensures scalability and cost-effectiveness. Implementing this approach with the involvement of 300 thousand consumers will result in a reduction of peak load by 300 MW, an annual economic effect of 2,34 billion rubles, and a reduction in CO2 emissions by 10,8-16,2 thousand tons per year.
Digital Ruble: The First Results of Pilot Implementation and Prospects for the Russian Financial System
Introduction. The active development of the financial market and the growing requirements for payment security and speed necessitate the introduction of modern digital technologies, including the digital ruble. Goal. The study aims to evaluate the interim results of a pilot project on the introduction of the digital ruble, including its implementation stages, architecture, economic advantages, and competitive differences from traditional money and cryptocurrencies. Materials and methods. The study is based on a systematic approach and comparative analysis of data from the Bank of Russia. Statistical, graphical, and economic-mathematical methods are used to evaluate the interim results and transaction costs. Results and discussion. The key stages of the project implementation (concept, piloting, and scaling) have been identified, significant savings for businesses have been proven due to low fees, and the fundamental differences between the centralized model of the digital ruble, and decentralized cryptocurrencies have been systematized. Conclusion. The digital ruble is the third form of the national currency. It represents a natural stage in the development of national payment infrastructure, which can enhance the efficiency, security, and sovereignty of the national financial system. The paper discusses a hybrid registry architecture to improve fault tolerance of the platform.
Elaboration of innovative digital development strategies in modern it-companies: the influence of the external environment
Introduction. Digital development has determined the state, performance and competitiveness of companies in almost all sectors of Russian and global economies. Goal. The study proposes analytical tools for applying external environment analysis to elaborate digital transformation strategy of a company for its effective development. Materials and methods. The study used analytical methods, tools to logically study the process of digital transformations, their creative generalization based on an integrated approach. The study generalized and systematized various practices, analytics and experiences that will help managers improve the effectiveness of transformations by choosing the most suitable ones from the entire landscape of strategic management methods and tools. Results and discussion. The article defines significant parameters of the state of IT business companies, which currently represent the fastest growing sector of the Russian economic system. They need guidelines for movement in order not only to follow the ongoing technological computer transformations, but also to foresee their boundaries and future directions. To achieve this, IT companies need to develop and implement innovative digital development strategies that are interconnected with the state of a very unstable external environment. Nowadays, individual characteristics of the environment change so unpredictably that it is not necessary to rely on them when defining strategic goals. However, it is important to choose strategies for moving towards promising goals that are flexibly combined into a single complex in the course of prompt response to ongoing changes in economy, politics and international relations. Conclusion. The paper proposes matrices to form a digital strategy in two versions, and with account of the most significant factors from the product and market side, strategic directions for the development of IT companies are identified.
Digital motivational tools for professional development of a civil servant
Introduction. During the period of digitalization of the state system, the issue of specific competencies of civil servants remains relevant, the achievement of which requires the personnel services of government agencies to simultaneously take measures to preserve and develop the motivational component. Goal. Identification of the most likely expected competencies of a civil servant in the context of digitalization and accumulation of suitable digital motivational tools. Materials and methods. The study uses the methods of analysis, comparison, specification of competencies expected from civil servants and modeling of suitable digital motivational tools for achieving digital competence. The research materials were government statistics data, as well as a theoretical framework devoted to the development of public sector personnel policy in the context of digitalization. Results and discussion. The analysis of the available data on the digitalization of the public sector and the national economy has shown that currently the professional development of civil servants needs to improve digital skills aimed at systematically fulfilling functional responsibilities and solving social problems. In the foreseeable future, government employees are likely to require skills related to the use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data processing. The revealed results made it possible to form an approach to combining legally established motivational tools, taking into account digitalization, by introducing an electronic portfolio of a civil servant as a component of his digital profile. Conclusion. The results of the analysis of the available data and the proposed solution through the introduction of an electronic portfolio of a civil servant are of theoretical and practical importance. The prospect for the scientific community lies in the expediency of developing mathematical calculations for evaluat- ing the effectiveness of an employee’s actions by artificial intelligence in an electronic portfolio and correlating the identified effectiveness with in- centive measures. In the practice of the public sector, the proposed solution can contribute to sustainable development of the competitiveness of employees based on effective management of the motivational component in the context of digitalization.
Some Features of Calculating Labor Productivity in Benchmarking
Introduction. Labor productivity is one of the macroeconomic indicators used to compile international ratings. The transition to a new technological structure increases the relevance of a comparative analysis of socio-economic systems or their structural elements based on labor productivity. In the digital economy, it is labor productivity that becomes an indicator of international competitiveness and specialization of the national economy in the system of international labor distribution. At the same time, there is a need for methodological justification of comparative analysis of labor productivity in crosscountry comparisons, the complexity of which is aggravated by the emergence of qualitative characteristics of productivity and their impact on the efficiency of labor resources. At the same time, the combination of cost and natural indicators of labor productivity gives the most complete picture of its dynamics and allows comparing socio-economic systems of different levels and scales. Goal. To identify and substantiate key parameters for calculating labor productivity in comparative analysis and cross-country comparison. Materials and methods. The study is based on the systematization of scientific applied and theoretical research in the field of labor productivity, statistical analysis methods, as well as extrapolation of the results obtained. Results and discussion. The main scientific results of the analysis are the generalization of existing scientific and methodological approaches to assessing labor productivity, justification of the relationship and interdependence between labor productivity and the level of its manufacturability, promising directions and tools for increasing labor productivity, taking into account the specifics of the development of the Russian economy. Conclusion. Active development of the digital economy has a direct impact on the parameters for achieving and increasing labor productivity as a macroeconomic indicator of the success of the development of the national economy. At the same time, the choice and justification of the methodology for calculating labor productivity often determines the place of the socio-economic system in benchmarking and comparative analysis.
The evolution of theoretical approaches to state industrial policy in the context of change in tecnological paradigms
The article provides a critical analysis of the evolution of theoretical approaches to state industrial policy in connection with changing technological waves and techno-economic paradigms. Instead of merely reviewing separate schools of thought, the paper develops an original comparative framework interpreting the evolution of industrial policy theory as a shift from a compensatory logic of state intervention to an adaptive one and, subsequently, to a mission-oriented logic. It is argued that the changing role of the state is driven not only by intellectual shifts in economic thought but also by transformations in the structure of technological development, the nature of uncertainty, and the need for institutional coordination. The article identifies three groups of constraints shaping the effectiveness of industrial policy: technological, political-economic, and administrative. On this basis, the scope and limits of the neoclassical, evolutionary-institutional, and contemporary mission-oriented approaches are clarified. Particular attention is paid to the Russian school of technological-wave research. Its contribution is shown to be highly relevant for the analysis of structural shifts and catch-up development, while remaining insufficiently integrated into the international debate and requiring conceptual updating for the platform-digital economy. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in treating theoretical approaches not as a set of competing doctrines but as historically successive modes of understanding industrial policy, and in proposing a comparative framework for assessing their analytical capacities and limitations.
Implementation of innovative approaches in the system of regulation of Russia’s foreign economic activity
Introduction. One of the priorities of Russia’s foreign economic strategy is the diversification of exports, which is achieved by involving more federal and regional entities in international activities. Therefore, a systematic approach to organizing state support for foreign econom- ic activity is necessary at both the federal and regional levels. Goal. Identification of promising forms of improving the efficiency of state regulation of Russia’s foreign economic activity in the context of international instability. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the structure of Russian export and import flows. It assesses the effectiveness of customs and tariff regulation measures in Russia’s foreign trade. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the characteristics of Russia’s foreign trade reflect an increase in non-commodity exports, particularly in the categories of food products, agricultural raw materials, metals, machinery, equipment, and mineral products. At the same time, the global economic situation is constantly adapting to new conditions, and the Russian Federation is changing the direction of economic flows from the west to the east and south. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that customs agencies play a significant role in regulating foreign economic activity in Russia. Despite the use of modern technologies in the activities of national customs services, there are some shortcomings and problems related to the collection of customs payments and arrears, which necessitates the use of innovative approaches and special measures aimed at improving the current situation. Digitalization and the creation of an electronic customs environment between controlled entities and customs authorities should solve the problem of modernizing the rules for collecting customs payments and bring the implementation of fiscal functions to a stable level, even under the existing sanctions.
The Impact of Eurasian Integration on the Structural Transformation of the Russian Economy
Introduction. In the current unfavorable external economic environment, primarily related to the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the destruction of the established international economic ties, the role of regional integration associations in maintaining the economic stability of the member states of such associations is increasing. For the Russian Federation, it is primarily the Eurasian Economic Union. Goal. The study analyzes how membership in the Eurasian Economic Union affects the structural transformation of economic processes in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of data from the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Eurasian Development Bank in terms of parameters related to the development of economic processes in the EAEU member states. Results and discussion. The EAEU countries currently play a more important role in the system of foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation, while these countries do not have a significant impact on the Russian economy, and therefore the focus is on the countries of the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America remain on the Russian side. Conclusion. Eurasian integration in its current form has a moderate impact on the structure of the Russian economy, mainly in a supportive rather than transformative way. It ensures the stability of trade flows in the face of sanctions pressure, but does not create conditions for a breakthrough into knowledge-intensive sectors. Without radically strengthening industrial policy coordination, removing institutional barriers, and targeted investments in joint production projects, the potential of the EAEU as a tool for structural transformation will remain untapped.
Transformation of Budget and Tax Legislation in 2026: Systemic Risks
Introduction. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the modification of legal regulation of the budget process in the Russian Federation for 2026. It examines key changes in budget and tax legislation, analyzes new approaches to budget planning and execution, and assesses legal risks and reform implementation prospects. Particular attention is paid to the transition to structural primary budget balance, digitalization of the budget process and tax innovations. Goal. The study aims to highlight the challenges and prospects for transforming the legal regulation of budget and tax relations in 2026, as well as to assess the systemic risks associated with the digitalization of processes and fiscal innovations. Materials and methods. Methods of systemic-structural analysis, a comparative legal approach, and forecasting the legal consequences of implementing digital platforms were applied. Results and discussion. The study revealed that the key vector of the 2026 reform is end-to-end digitalization through the Electronic Budget system, which entails a transition to a registerbased financing model and automated revenue forecasting. Significant changes in the tax burden have been found to create the risk of increased tax disputes over business fragmentation. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of new budget classification codes for concession agreements and a technology levy in the microelectronics sector. It has been established that the effectiveness of the reform is limited by the difficulty of adapting the business contractual framework to the new fiscal conditions. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the 2026 transformation represents an attempt to synchronize strict budgetary discipline with technological development. The development of clear law enforcement criteria is necessary to reduce uncertainty in relations between the state and business.
Analysis of the process of scientific and technological development of the regions of Russia
Introduction. The article analyzes the dynamics of scientific and technological development (STR) of the regions of the Russian Federation for the period 2018-2024 based on the Russian Regional Innovation Index (RRII) of the Higher School of Economics. Goal. The study analyzes the dynamics of scientific and technological development (STR) of the regions of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Russian Regional Innovation Index (RRII) of the Higher School of Economics and data from the Association of Innovative Solutions and Artificial Intelligence Regions of the XXI Century. It identifies the key factors that determine the positions of the regions in the ranking and develop recommendations for the formation of a balanced regional innovation policy that ensures technological sovereignty of the country. Materials and methods. In the process of the study, the works of Russian authors who were engaged in the analysis of the process of scientific and technological development of the regions of Russia were studied, data (RDI) of the Higher School of Economics. The study uses the data from the Association of Innovative Solutions and Artificial Intelligence Regions of the XXI Century. A comparative analysis for the dynam- ics of innovative development of regions revealing disparities in the scale of transformations, reflecting their differences in scientific and technological progress, is made. The study presents the correlation analysis to identify the relationship between regional policy quality and business innovation activity as well as the rating method for the level of development and assessment of STR. Results and discussion. The comprehensive analysis made it possible to determine a stable group of leaders-regions of NTR. It was determined that the achievement of high indicators in the RDI rating is determined not by individual indicators, but by the synergy of all five indices. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, key factors determining the positions of the regions in the ranking were identified, and recommendations were developed for the formation of a balanced regional innovation policy that ensures technological sovereignty of the country.
Some features of implementing the ESG agenda in Russian companies
Introduction. In the context of increasing requirements for corporate responsibility, the study of the problems of implementing the ESG agenda in Russian companies is particularly relevant. ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) is a set of principles for sustainable development that includes environmental, social, and governance aspects of business operations. For Russia, where organizations are actively integrated into global value chains, the study of the specifics of adapting ESG principles to the national business context is of significant scientific and practical interest. Goal. The study aims to identify the specific features and key trends in the implementation of the ESG agenda by Russian companies, using the example of the practices of Polyus PJSC, the leader of the national gold mining industry. Materials and methods. The research methodology includes a systematic and comparative analysis, as well as a case study method used to examine specific practices for implementing ESG principles. Results and discussion. The study identified specific features of the implementation of the ESG agenda in the Russian market. The example of Polyus PJSC shows that the implementation of sustainable practices contributes to improving environmental efficiency, developing human capital, and strengthening corporate governance. The study identified systemic challenges, including increased particulate emissions due to more intensive production, high levels of injuries, and seasonal staff turnover. Conclusion. The study of Polyus PJSC activities in implementing the ESG agenda demonstrates that the integration of sustainable development principles is possible and effective even in resource-intensive industries, and the accumulated experience of the organization can serve as a model for other Russian companies on their path to building a responsible economy for the future.
ESG agenda in tax planning: state and corporate levels
Introduction. The Sustainable Development Agenda is becoming an important factor in tax planning at both the governmental and corporate levels, as companies seek to integrate environmental, social, and governance aspects into their operations. The principles of sustainable development contribute to a more equitable and transparent tax system, which enhances investor confidence and reduces the risks associated with tax violations. Goal. The study aims to analyze the outcomes of sustainable development initiatives in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The study was based on a systematic approach that combines quantitative and descriptive analysis methods. Results and discussion. The priorities of sustainable development in Russian business include environmental, social, and governance aspects (ESG). Companies are committed to contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as decent work and economic growth, climate action, responsible consumption and production. Priorities are reflected in the practice of implementing sustainable practices, including tax planning. The effectiveness of tax authorities in implementing the state sustainable development strategy is assessed based on various indicators, such as structural changes in the tax system, incentive measures, and the development of a system for accounting, monitoring, and evaluating tax expenditures. Conclusion. Achieving sustainable growth and economic development is a priority goal for modern enterprises and organizations. The use of economic tools in conjunction with environmentally friendly methods and technologies in production is a global trend that is gaining popularity. The economic strategy of a modern state, all other things being equal, should be based on ESG planning, which can be interpreted as environmental, social, and governance factors, an important tool for assessing the sustainability and ethics of company operations. The activities of tax authorities in the context of sustainable development are regulated by documents aimed at implementing tax policy, for example, Main Directions of Budgetary, Tax, and Customs-Tariff Policy for 2025 and the Planning Period of 2026 and 2027. The document outlines measures to ensure stable tax conditions for business entities, improve the quality of tax administration, and increase tax collection.
Agrotourism insurance in the Stavropol region: risks and development prospects
Introduction. The rapid digitalization of the economy and changing consumer preferences are contributing to the development of agrotourism as a hybrid sector combining agriculture and services. However, its participants face a complex of industrial and natural risks, which requires the creation of effective protection mechanisms. The relevance of this study is to analyze the possibilities of insurance to ensure the sustainability of agrotouristic activities and protect the interests of both entrepreneurs and tourists. Goal. The study aims to comprehensively study the potential of the Stavropol Krai for the development of agrotourism, identify the main risks in this area and evaluate the effectiveness of insurance mechanisms to ensure the sustainable development of the region. Materials and methods. General scientific and special methods served the methodological basis of the research. The information base includes regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation managing tourism and agricultural activities, official statistical reports from relevant ministries and regional authorities, as well as analytical reports, scientific publications on agrotourism and insurance, materials from sociological surveys (VTSIOM) and publications in the business media illustrating current trends and practical cases. The study uses systematic and comparative analysis to characterize agrotourism as a complex socio-economic phenomenon and evaluate its regulatory framework. Economic and statistical methods serve to assess the potential and dynamics of development of the Stavropol Krai, the modeling method to develop the concept of a comprehensive insurance product adapted to the specifics of the industry and designed to minimize the identified risks for all participants in agrotouristic activities. Results and discussion. The study confirmed the high potential of the Stavropol Krai for the development of agrotourism, based on the synergy of the agricultural sector, transport accessibility and the existing tourist flow. The key deterrent is a complex of interrelated risks for farms (production, property) and for tourists (safety, health). As the main solution, the concept of a symmetrical insurance product is proposed, designed to minimize these risks and become the infrastructural basis for the sustainable growth of the industry in the region. Conclusion. Agrotourism combines significant economic potential with high risks inherent in both agriculture and the service sector. The key to its sustainable development is the introduction of comprehensive insurance protection, which not only minimizes financial losses, but also forms the basis of trust between tourists and manufacturers.
Greenium as a Sustainability Indicator of a Financial Instrument: Exploring the Relationship between ESG Ratings and the Green Bonds Yields
Introduction. In the context of the global transition to development principles, financial instruments focused on environmental and protective responsibility are becoming increasingly important. The market of green bonds is becoming particularly relevant. In Russia, its volume has increased almost 19 times over the past five years. In this regard, there is a need to study the factors determining the attractiveness of such tools for reducing, in particular, the role of ESG ratings and the phenomenon of greenium (awards for «green» status). Understanding the relationship between the issuer’s resistance and the market valuation of its debt obligations is key to forming an effective ESG policy and reducing the cost of capital. Goal. The study aims to analyze the relationships between ESG ratings of companies and a large greenium company, as well as to characterize the ability of greenium as a market indicator of issuers’ sustainability. Materials and methods. The work used data on the Russian and green bond markets over 2020-2025, including issues of Sberbank and Bank of America. The methodology is based on a synthesis of econometric analysis, comparative case studies, and adaptation of existing greenium valuation models based on ESG factors. Special attention is paid to the modification of regression and structural models to include the ESG rating as an explanatory variable. Results and discussion. The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of greenium – the premium for the green status of bonds – and its relationship with ESG ratings of issuers. Based on empirical data and regression analysis, the existence of an inverse relationship between the credit spread and the ESG rating level has been confirmed. It has been revealed that the size and mark of the premium are determined by a set of factors, including the issuer’s industry affiliation, the effectiveness of funded green projects, market conditions and the quality of ESG information disclosure. Conclusion. Thus, the hypotheses put forward are generally confirmed. However, due to the difficulty of accurately estimating greenium in the share price, the high interdependence of sustainability factors, the diversity of investors and, as a result, the volatility of the value of companies, it is not possible to identify direct relationship between greenium and the ESG rating based on data from 2025. Nevertheless, the development of the trend of sustainable development contributes to clarifying the boundaries of the «green» policy of organizations.
Evaluation of business model efficiency of a high-tech industrial enterprise in the implementation of innovations
Introduction. Along with digital transformation caused by the transition to a knowledge economy and the implementation of end-to-end technologies, traditional methods of assessing the performance of industrial enterprises require reconsideration. The key factor in competitiveness is the ability of a company to generate increasing returns, which in the high-tech sector is based not only on the scale of production but also on network effects and innovative synergies. Goal. The study aims at identifying the problems and prospects for transforming the business models of high-tech enterprises by specifying the mechanisms for the emergence of increasing returns and developing an algorithm for their empirical assessment. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of theories of economic equilibrium, the institutional approach, and network economy concepts. The work used methods of mathematical modeling (calculation of elasticity coefficients), matrix analysis, and a comparative analysis of cases of leading enterprises of the innovation cluster of the Stavropol Krai (Stilsoft, Arnest, Monocrystal) based on the results of 2024. Results and discussion. The study revealed that the effectiveness of a modern business model is determined by a combination of classic effects (scale, learning) and network externalities. The author proposes a four-level classification of development scenarios: from regressive to synergistic maximum. Testing the methodology revealed polarized strategies: from high efficiency due to indirect network effects to technological lock-in and inertial development in closed models. Conclusion. The study concludes that the transition to sustainable growth for a high-tech enterprise is only possible through synchronization of production capacities with digital platforms and ecosystem interactions. Monetization of intellectual resources and the creation of complementary relationships make it possible to overcome the law of diminishing returns, establishing long-term technological sovereignty.
Adaptation strategies of Russian IT companies in global markets under geopolitical instability: a managerial aspect
Introduction. A comprehensive analysis of modern strategies for adapting Russian information technology companies to fundamental changes in the structure of global markets is due to geopolitical turbulence. The theoretical answer to unprecedented challenges lies in the synthesis of three complementary concepts that form a new methodological basis for the analysis of strategic adaptation. First, it is a rethinking of resource theory through the prism of dynamic capabilities, where the key resource is not a technological patent or a specific product line, but organizational flexibility and the ability to quickly reconfigure business models. Secondly, the application of the theory of institutional traps to the analysis of strategic alternatives, where the traditional orientation to Western markets created dependence on the route, overcoming which requires targeted management interventions and strategic divergent thinking. Thirdly, the integration of the concept of strategic resilience, understood not as passive resistance to shocks, but as a proactive ability to antifragility – using crises to form new competitive advantages. Goal. Identification of system management solutions to offset the risks of exclusion from established international value chains. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative analysis and in-depth case study of the practices of leading market players such as ICPAO Yandex, VK (company) and Kaspersky Lab JSC, using up-to-date data from Rosstat, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and international analytical agencies. Results and discussions. As a result, the authors conclude that an effective adaptation strategy in the current environment is not a reactive response to challenges, but a proactive restructuring of the business model based on three key elements: strategic reorientation to the markets of the global South, structural product transformation and operational reconfiguration. Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the synthesis of classical theories of strategic management with empirical data from the last three years, which allows us to offer practical recommendations for the management of companies in export oriented industries.
The Matrix of Adaptive Competitiveness as a Mechanism of Strategic Navigation for an Industrial Enterprise under Conditions of an Unstable Industry Environment
Introduction. In the context of an unstable industry environment, the competitiveness of an industrial enterprise is increasingly determined not by a one‑time market position, but by the ability to timely align the resource base with actual operational performance. The matrix tools of strategic analysis that are currently used make it possible to capture the overall position of the enterprise; however, as a rule, they do not provide a sufficiently solid basis for selecting the subsequent management manoeuvre. This necessitates the development of a tool that combines diagnostics, positioning, and strategic prescription within a single analytical framework. Goal. Justification and Validation of the Adaptive Competitiveness Matrix as a Mechanism for Strategic Navigation of an Industrial Enterprise in an Unstable Industry Environment Materials and methods. The study is based on data from 25 gypsum industry enterprises in the Russian Federation for 2022–2024, including JSC “Khabezsky Gypsum Plant” as the focal case-study object. The empirical base includes public accounting statements, as well as data from Rosstat and the Bank of Russia. The methodological toolkit comprises comparative and economic-statistical analysis, indicator normalization, matrix modeling, and integrated assessment. Results and discussion. An Adaptive Competitiveness Matrix has been developed, constructed within the coordinates of resource potential and operational efficiency. An index of structural imbalance has been introduced, which allows assessing the degree of misalignment between the enterprise’s capabilities and the effectiveness of their utilisation. The matrix includes 16 strategic positions and enables a transition from capturing the current state to determining the direction of strategic shift. Validation using data from the gypsum industry has shown that the majority of enterprises are concentrated in the zone of competitive equilibrium, while market leaders and laggards occupy the outermost bands of the matrix. Using the example of JSC “Khabez Gypsum Plant”, a moderate structural imbalance was identified, indicating the need to improve the return on the existing resource base. Conclusion. The proposed matrix expands the capabilities for analysing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises by combining diagnostic and navigational functions. The practical significance of the result lies in the ability to use the matrix for determining the strategic position of an enterprise, identifying internal constraints, and justifying the directions of adaptive management in an unstable industry environment.
The Role of Statistical Methods in Assessing National Economic Security Amid Sanction Risks
Introduction. The relevance of the study lies in the need for an accurate and objective analysis of the economic situation, the identification of threats and vulnerable areas, and the formulation of effective measures to ensure the sustainability of the economy. Statistical methods allow for the processing of large amounts of data, the identification of trends, and the prediction of the development of situations, which is particularly important under sanctions restrictions. A fundamental study of the consequences of restrictive measures requires a deep understanding of the processes of assessing economic vulnerability to external destabilizing factors. Goal. The aim of the work is to analyze the role of statistical tools in ensuring the economic stability of a state facing risks of external restrictions, as well as to identify effective methods of quantitative analysis for the timely detection of potential threats. Materials and methods. The methodological framework of the research is represented by the integration of quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches, including the study of time series using the ETS prediction function (triple exponential smoothing) in Microsoft Excel, correlation and regression analysis of the interrelationships of economic development and external constraints, a comprehensive assessment of the economic system through SWOT analysis, as well as multifactorial analysis and the main component method for systematization of variables. Results and discussion. The study analyzed theoretical aspects of economic security, identifying key determinants based on existing scientific concepts. The vectors of impact of international sanctions on Russia’s economic security were determined, highlighting priority areas of influence. A comparative study of statistical methods for assessing sanction impact was conducted, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed tools for monitoring macroeconomic indicators and identifying vulnerable sectors. A set of measures to strengthen economic security within an optimistic development scenario was developed. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that statistical analysis is a key tool for the objective assessment of the economic situation and identification of problematic aspects. The application of an integrated approach to quantitative analysis allows for the formation of a holistic view of the state of economic security and the development of specific mechanisms to minimize the negative consequences of sanction restrictions, aimed at forming a sustainable economic system capable of effectively countering external challenges.
Educational Environment as a factor of student’s personality development
Introduction. In the context of the transformation of education, the educational environment becomes one of the most important factors determining not only academic success, but also the personal development of the student. Goal. To consider the educational environment as a systemic pedagogical phenomenon with the potential to form value attitudes, socially significant qualities and a subjective position of a personality. Materials and methods. The article analyzes theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the educational environment, its impact on personality development, structural components and conditions conducive to the formation of a developing environment. Results and discussion. Special attention is paid to the role of the teacher in the design and organization of the educational space, as well as practical aspects illustrating the possibilities of realizing the potential of the educational envi- ronment in modern educational institutions. Conclusion. Examples of successful implementation of elements of the developing environment in educational institutions confirm its potential in the formation of a holistic, proactive, responsible and socially active personality. However, the process of forming such an environment is fraught with a number of difficulties related to limited resources, insufficient teacher training, and inconsistencies in administrative and pedagogical goals. This requires systemic transformations, revision of management strategies and strengthening methodological support for educational initiatives.
Developing monologue speech in schoolchildren through project activities
Introduction. The article highlights the changes in language education aimed at strengthening the status of the Russian language, developing speech skills and communicative competence. It comprehensively analyzes the development of monologue speech with schoolchildren through project-based activities as a crucial component of speech competence, which in modern conditions is key to successful social and professional self-realization and effective communication. Goal. The study aims to determine the potential of project-based activities as an educational resource for the targeted development of monologue speech in schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The study is based on current regulatory documents in the field of education, the analysis of psychological and pedagogical scientific works on the problem of student speech development and project-based learning. Diagnostic tools used include methods for assessing the multicomponent structure of students’ monologue speech skills (a pedagogical experiment, an observation and a survey). Results and discussion. This article examines the characteristics of monologue speech as a form of communication, identifies methodological possibilities for using project-based activities to develop monologue speech, and develops a technology for developing monologue speech in senior schoolchildren through project-based activities. The author describes a pedagogical experiment conducted to develop monologue speech in schoolchildren, which, based on replicated empirical data, provides evidence of the effectiveness of project-based activities in developing monologue speech. Conclusion. This article advances the field of scientific research related to the theoretical and methodological support of Russian language learning and confirms that the integration of project-based activities into the process of teaching monologue speech is a valid and promising direction in modern pedagogical science and practice.
Improving the quality of the training process in a non-state university
Introduction. In the context of the latest round of modernization of higher education, the issue of ensuring and continuously improving the quality of the educational process has become particularly urgent and important. The rapid changes in the educational services market, the increasing demands from the government and consumers, and the need to adapt to new economic conditions have forced non-governmental universities to find unique mechanisms for ensuring quality. Goal. The study analyzes the key areas for improving the quality of the educational process at a non-state university in the context of modern requirements for the higher education system. Materials and methods. The study used a combination of general scientific and special research methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis, system analysis, study and generalization of pedagogical experience, analysis of statistical data, etc. Results and discussion. The paper discusses various theoretical approaches to improving the quality of the educational process in higher education; the problems of designing and improving the content of the educational process; the pedagogical support for the quality of education at a university and others. Conclusion. The article presents and analyzes a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of education at a non-state university using the example of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law. The key elements of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law model are the implementation of a stable annual schedule with a system of compensators; regulated individual work with students; digital support based on an educational platform (EIOs) that provides synchronous access to content and continuous monitoring of academic performance; and the integration of educational and research activities into the learning process. It has been proven that the synchronization of managerial, personnel, digital, and educational aspects of a university activities ensures a steady improvement in the quality of education, reduces the workload on the participants of the process, and fosters the development of socially mature graduates.
Methodological foundations of the digital transformation of vocational education: the role of the teacher and the LMS potential
Introduction. Modern vocational education is undergoing large-scale changes associated with active introduction of digital technologies. The process requires rethinking methodological approaches and pedagogical technologies, including the use of learning management systems (LMS) and changing the role of the teacher in the educational process. Goal. Highlighting the problems and prospects of integrating digital technologies into professional education with the justification of a balanced model of digitalization that preserves the humanistic principles of pedagogy and the leading methodological role of the teacher. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of scientific sources that reveal the issues of digital competence of teachers, methods of motivating students through interactive technologies, examples of the introduction of LMS and educational platforms, the risks of technologization of the educational process, as well as the concept of cybersocialization and its impact on vocational education. Systematic, activity-based, axiological and competence-based approaches are applied, ensuring the interdisciplinary nature of the research. Results and discussion. In the course of the work, the need to develop an integrative methodological model for the digital transformation of vocational education was found. A conceptual scheme is proposed: methodological basis → course design → LMS → analytical monitoring → educational outcome. A new paradigm of pedagogically guided digitalization is substantiated, where the teacher retains a leading methodological role in the integration of technologies, taking into account the balance between technologization and the preservation of humanistic principles of pedagogy. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that effective digital transformation of vocational education requires the formation of a methodological foundation for the balanced integration of digital technologies, the development of digital competencies of teachers and the preservation of their leading role in the educational process of the digital age.
Development of moral and ethical qualities with modern students in the system of vocational education by the example of the Russian language course
Introduction. Development of moral and ethical qualities with vocational education students presents one of the most strategically important aims of the educational development in the Russian Federation. It can be integrated into the Russian language course training during textrelated work. Goal. The study aims to demonstrate the opportunities of the upbringing during the practical lessons on the Russian language for college students framed in the preparation for the alternative State Exam for the Secondary Professional Education. Materials and methods. Materials of the research are based on the texts from the modern fiction selected for the preparation for the State Exam for the Secondary Professional Education, chosen from the practical exercise-book The Russian Language written by the philological department colleagues of Synergy University for college students. General scientific and didactic methods – analysis, synthesis, pedagogical observation, descriptive and heuristic methods – were used in the research. Results and discussion. The analysis of the texts and their usage led to the conclusion about the productive usage of the training time to form and develop moral and ethical qualities of the students. Conclusion. The research concludes with the statement about the opportunity to enhance moral and ethical qualities of vocational education students within the Russian language course.
Socio-pedagogical prevention of cyber-extremism among students in university educational en- vironment
Introduction. The article discusses ways and methods of countering cyber extremism among students in educational organizations, as well as the main preventive measures for citizens in this area. The authors analyze the peculiarities of cyber extremism manifestation among young people, identify the main risk factors and vulnerabilities in the digital environment, and describe the psychological and pedagogical features of students’ perception of extremist content. Goal. To theoretically substantiate the specifics of the manifestation of cyber extremism in the modern digital environment by analyzing the role of the key functions of the Internet (communicative, informational, manipulative, organizational and socializing) in the dissemination of extremist ideas. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of diagnostic data from 437 students obtained using the questionnaire Assessment of the level of knowledge about extremism, terrorism and radicalism among young people (author’s); the Bass-Darkey questionnaire to measure the level of aggressiveness of a personality; the Thomas-Kilmann questionnaire on behavior in a conflict situation, as well as scientific literature and regulatory documents on countering cyber extremism. Results and discussion. In the course of the work, it was found that the most important thing in the prevention of cyber extremism is to understand the socio-economic and age characteristics of the individual, the life stages in which modern youth find themselves. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that cyber-extremism is one of the most dangerous threats in the modern world, especially for young people, as they most actively use Internet resources in their daily activities. Socio-pedagogical prevention in an educational environment should be based on a systematic approach that includes the development of information culture, the formation of critical thinking, the organization of educational events and close cooperation with law enforcement agencies. The implementation of the proposed set of measures will ensure a safe educational environment, increase the level of literacy of citizens on the Internet, as well as reduce the risk of student youth involvement in extremist structures.
Methodology for organizing network interaction between teachers in psychological and pedagogical classes in an educational district
Introduction. he joining of the historical regions of Russia, the organization of educational and pedagogical districts and the All- Russian project on psychological and pedagogical classes determined the idea of creating an interregional network model of pedagogical classes. The success of the model depends on the effectiveness of inter-regional interaction between teachers of psychological and pedagogical classes. Goal. The study aims to develop a methodology for organizing interregional network interaction of teachers in psychological and pedagogical classes. Materials and methods. The methodological strategy has chosen a spatial-temporal approach, a theoretical analysis of scientific literature, a systematic analysis of the content of the category of interaction, pedagogical modeling. Results and discussion. The interdisciplinary nature of the interaction category is revealed through understanding of the essence of interaction in philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In pedagogy, interaction is consid- ered both in relation to the educational process and the interaction of teachers and students. Scientific and theoretical studies of the phenomenon of teacher interaction have hardly been conducted, especially in current conditions, which led to the development by the author of a special methodology for organizing inter-regional interaction between teachers of psychological and pedagogical classes. The methodology consists of four stages, for each of which certain types of interaction are proposed. The first is the informational stage (hierarchical (regulatory), the type of interaction on which the management and executive areas and methods of interaction are determined. The second is the coordination stage (resource type of interaction) – stable rational connections are established between teachers in the form of preventive, eliminating, regulating and stimulating interactions. The third, integration stage, effectively uses information, socio-functional, innovative, administrative and organizational types of interaction. The fourth, consolidating stage, recommends a matrix, providing and developing types of interaction. The possibilities and limitations of each type of interaction are revealed. Conclusion. The research results have scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance, and the methodology has been tested posi- tively, so it can be recommended to other universities operating in the educational and pedagogical district.
Organization of the process of developing senior school students’ civic consciousness through project-based activities
Introduction. The development of civic self-awareness among high school students is currently one of the priority tasks in the field of education. While existing research in psycho-pedagogical scientific literature addresses the civic upbringing of schoolchildren, the question of methods for realizing this objective remains insufficiently explored. Consequently, the search for and development of tools for fostering civic self-awareness in high school students gains particular relevance. One of these tools is project activity, which has a high educational potential. Goal. The study aims to describe the content and organizational forms of the process of developing civic self-awareness among high school students through project-based learning, grounded in a personal-activity approach. Materials and methods. The research methodology involved the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, the generalization of obtained information, and the development of a plan for organizing project-based learning aimed at fostering civic self-awareness in high school students. Results and discussion. The study offers a plan encompassing stages for the development of civic self-awareness in high school students within project-based learning, with a detailed description of its content and methodological tools. The scientific novelty lies in the development and comprehensive description of the content of project-based learning, utilized as a means for fostering civic self-awareness with high school students. The practical significance of the study consists in the fact that the obtained results can be applied in the development of civically-oriented educational programs in contemporary schools. Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that project-based learning is an effective instrument for developing civic self-awareness in the unity of all its components.
Features of students’ project activities based on preschool educational organizations
Introduction. Currently, project activities are actively used at all levels of professional training of specialists. Projects are given separate hours in the curricula of all areas of study at universities. Projects that involve students working at organizations are more valuable and in demand. However, there are several challenges in organizing such activities. By identifying the positive and negative aspects, studying them thoroughly, and considering the specific needs of different organizations, we can make the use of project technology more effective. Goal. Identification and analysis of the features of organizing students’ project activities on the basis of preschool educational institutions. Materials and methods. The article discusses the main concepts within the scope of the study area and identifies the positive and negative aspects of using the project method. The study is based on the use of theoretical and empirical methods. Results and discussion. The features of organizing project activities for future teachers at preschool educational organizations have been identified and analyzed. The opinions and expectations of both students and employees of the educational institutions have been studied. It has been established that the effectiveness of project activities depends on various factors, the influence of which can be quite controlled. Conclusion. It has been concluded that implementing project activities taking into account the specifics of the organization will make them more effective for both parties involved.